• Diseases of cardiovascular system are the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for 34.2 percent of all death in 2006.

       These diseases include;

• High blood pressure

• Coronary heart diseases

• Cerebrovascular diseases

• Congenital heart diseases

• Peripheral vascular disease

     Hypertension referred to a chronic elevation in BP;

It is frequently referred  to as the" silent killer' because there are typically no symptoms. 

     Hypertension can cause;

• Heart failure,
• Kidney failure,
• Myocardial fraction,
• Stroke
• Vision problems

    Etiology;

       There are two type of hypertension.

• Primary or essential hypertension is idiopathic, which means there is no known cause and accounts for about 90% of cases.

• Secondary hypertension occurs as a result of an other primary problems such as renal diseases, other cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders or Neurogenic disorders.

 Nutritional therapy for hypertension;

• Nutritional treatment of hypertension includes both lifestyle modification and nutrition therapy.

• Increased physical activity,  cessation and weight loss, as well as reduction of sodium and alcohol intake are primary strategies.

• Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)

• Increasing sodium, saturated fat and alcohol.

• Increasing calcium potassium and fiber.

   Nutrition assessment;

• Weight reduction( goal BMI of 18.5- 24.9)

• Assess dietary intake for alcohol, sodium potassium calcium and fiber.

• Physical activity

   Nutrition diagnosis;

 Common nutrition diagnosis for individual with hypertension include;

• -Excessive energy intake.
• -excessive in appropriate intake of fats.
• -excessive sodium intake.
• -inadequate calcium, fiber, potassium and magnesium intake.
• -overweight /obesity.
• -food and nutrition related knowledge decide.
• -physical inactivity.

   Hormones;

• Vasopressin and angiotensin ii, cause vasoconstriction and fluid retention. Both will increase BP.

• Often hypertensive individual have excessive secretion of vasopressin from the hypothalamus.

• Hypertensive individual may also have variation in the gene that produces angiotensinogen.

• And increased production of angiotensinogen may increase production of angiotensin to increase BP.

    Smoking;

• Smoking is known to be a risk factor for the development of hypertension.

• Smoking causes acute and chronic elevations in blood pressure.

• Cigarette smoking interferes with the action of nitrous impairing endothelial relaxation and vasodilation.

    Renal diseases;

•  In renal diseases, blood flow is reduced through the kidney because of either atherosclerosis with in the lumen of renal artery for comprssion of a vessel by a tumor.

• Other factors include gene mutation and renal endothelial cell dysfunction.

• In order to improve blood flow, angiotensin ii  is released. This cause vasoconstriction and promotes sodium, chloride and water retention, which increase blood volume.

• The increase in blood volume and vasoconstriction both act in increased arterial pressure.

• In addition endothelial cell by dysfunction may cause a decrease in mediators such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin that cause vasodilation.

Which cardiovascular disease is high blood pressure?

What disease is related high blood pressure?

Is high blood pressure related to cardiovascular disease ?

Diseases of cardiovascular system atherosclerosis